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man1/nosetests.1 0000644 00000042417 15151615376 0007533 0 ustar 00 .\" Man page generated from reStructuredText. . .TH "NOSETESTS" "1" "April 04, 2015" "1.3" "nose" .SH NAME nosetests \- Nicer testing for Python . .nr rst2man-indent-level 0 . .de1 rstReportMargin \\$1 \\n[an-margin] level \\n[rst2man-indent-level] level margin: \\n[rst2man-indent\\n[rst2man-indent-level]] - \\n[rst2man-indent0] \\n[rst2man-indent1] \\n[rst2man-indent2] .. .de1 INDENT .\" .rstReportMargin pre: . RS \\$1 . nr rst2man-indent\\n[rst2man-indent-level] \\n[an-margin] . nr rst2man-indent-level +1 .\" .rstReportMargin post: .. .de UNINDENT . RE .\" indent \\n[an-margin] .\" old: \\n[rst2man-indent\\n[rst2man-indent-level]] .nr rst2man-indent-level -1 .\" new: \\n[rst2man-indent\\n[rst2man-indent-level]] .in \\n[rst2man-indent\\n[rst2man-indent-level]]u .. .SH NICER TESTING FOR PYTHON .SS SYNOPSIS .INDENT 0.0 .INDENT 3.5 nosetests [options] [names] .UNINDENT .UNINDENT .SS DESCRIPTION .sp nose collects tests automatically from python source files, directories and packages found in its working directory (which defaults to the current working directory). Any python source file, directory or package that matches the testMatch regular expression (by default: \fI(?:^|[b_.\-])[Tt]est)\fP will be collected as a test (or source for collection of tests). In addition, all other packages found in the working directory will be examined for python source files or directories that match testMatch. Package discovery descends all the way down the tree, so package.tests and package.sub.tests and package.sub.sub2.tests will all be collected. .sp Within a test directory or package, any python source file matching testMatch will be examined for test cases. Within a test module, functions and classes whose names match testMatch and TestCase subclasses with any name will be loaded and executed as tests. Tests may use the assert keyword or raise AssertionErrors to indicate test failure. TestCase subclasses may do the same or use the various TestCase methods available. .sp \fBIt is important to note that the default behavior of nose is to not include tests from files which are executable.\fP To include tests from such files, remove their executable bit or use the \-\-exe flag (see \(aqOptions\(aq section below). .SS Selecting Tests .sp To specify which tests to run, pass test names on the command line: .INDENT 0.0 .INDENT 3.5 .sp .nf .ft C nosetests only_test_this.py .ft P .fi .UNINDENT .UNINDENT .sp Test names specified may be file or module names, and may optionally indicate the test case to run by separating the module or file name from the test case name with a colon. Filenames may be relative or absolute. Examples: .INDENT 0.0 .INDENT 3.5 .sp .nf .ft C nosetests test.module nosetests another.test:TestCase.test_method nosetests a.test:TestCase nosetests /path/to/test/file.py:test_function .ft P .fi .UNINDENT .UNINDENT .sp You may also change the working directory where nose looks for tests by using the \-w switch: .INDENT 0.0 .INDENT 3.5 .sp .nf .ft C nosetests \-w /path/to/tests .ft P .fi .UNINDENT .UNINDENT .sp Note, however, that support for multiple \-w arguments is now deprecated and will be removed in a future release. As of nose 0.10, you can get the same behavior by specifying the target directories \fIwithout\fP the \-w switch: .INDENT 0.0 .INDENT 3.5 .sp .nf .ft C nosetests /path/to/tests /another/path/to/tests .ft P .fi .UNINDENT .UNINDENT .sp Further customization of test selection and loading is possible through the use of plugins. .sp Test result output is identical to that of unittest, except for the additional features (error classes, and plugin\-supplied features such as output capture and assert introspection) detailed in the options below. .SS Configuration .sp In addition to passing command\-line options, you may also put configuration options in your project\(aqs \fIsetup.cfg\fP file, or a .noserc or nose.cfg file in your home directory. In any of these standard ini\-style config files, you put your nosetests configuration in a \fB[nosetests]\fP section. Options are the same as on the command line, with the \-\- prefix removed. For options that are simple switches, you must supply a value: .INDENT 0.0 .INDENT 3.5 .sp .nf .ft C [nosetests] verbosity=3 with\-doctest=1 .ft P .fi .UNINDENT .UNINDENT .sp All configuration files that are found will be loaded and their options combined. You can override the standard config file loading with the \fB\-c\fP option. .SS Using Plugins .sp There are numerous nose plugins available via easy_install and elsewhere. To use a plugin, just install it. The plugin will add command line options to nosetests. To verify that the plugin is installed, run: .INDENT 0.0 .INDENT 3.5 .sp .nf .ft C nosetests \-\-plugins .ft P .fi .UNINDENT .UNINDENT .sp You can add \-v or \-vv to that command to show more information about each plugin. .sp If you are running nose.main() or nose.run() from a script, you can specify a list of plugins to use by passing a list of plugins with the plugins keyword argument. .SS 0.9 plugins .sp nose 1.0 can use SOME plugins that were written for nose 0.9. The default plugin manager inserts a compatibility wrapper around 0.9 plugins that adapts the changed plugin api calls. However, plugins that access nose internals are likely to fail, especially if they attempt to access test case or test suite classes. For example, plugins that try to determine if a test passed to startTest is an individual test or a suite will fail, partly because suites are no longer passed to startTest and partly because it\(aqs likely that the plugin is trying to find out if the test is an instance of a class that no longer exists. .SS 0.10 and 0.11 plugins .sp All plugins written for nose 0.10 and 0.11 should work with nose 1.0. .SS Options .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-V, \-\-version Output nose version and exit .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-p, \-\-plugins Output list of available plugins and exit. Combine with higher verbosity for greater detail .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-v=DEFAULT, \-\-verbose=DEFAULT Be more verbose. [NOSE_VERBOSE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-verbosity=VERBOSITY Set verbosity; \-\-verbosity=2 is the same as \-v .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-q=DEFAULT, \-\-quiet=DEFAULT Be less verbose .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-c=FILES, \-\-config=FILES Load configuration from config file(s). May be specified multiple times; in that case, all config files will be loaded and combined .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-w=WHERE, \-\-where=WHERE Look for tests in this directory. May be specified multiple times. The first directory passed will be used as the working directory, in place of the current working directory, which is the default. Others will be added to the list of tests to execute. [NOSE_WHERE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-py3where=PY3WHERE Look for tests in this directory under Python 3.x. Functions the same as \(aqwhere\(aq, but only applies if running under Python 3.x or above. Note that, if present under 3.x, this option completely replaces any directories specified with \(aqwhere\(aq, so the \(aqwhere\(aq option becomes ineffective. [NOSE_PY3WHERE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-m=REGEX, \-\-match=REGEX, \-\-testmatch=REGEX Files, directories, function names, and class names that match this regular expression are considered tests. Default: (?:^|[b_./\-])[Tt]est [NOSE_TESTMATCH] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-tests=NAMES Run these tests (comma\-separated list). This argument is useful mainly from configuration files; on the command line, just pass the tests to run as additional arguments with no switch. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-l=DEFAULT, \-\-debug=DEFAULT Activate debug logging for one or more systems. Available debug loggers: nose, nose.importer, nose.inspector, nose.plugins, nose.result and nose.selector. Separate multiple names with a comma. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-debug\-log=FILE Log debug messages to this file (default: sys.stderr) .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-logging\-config=FILE, \-\-log\-config=FILE Load logging config from this file \-\- bypasses all other logging config settings. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-I=REGEX, \-\-ignore\-files=REGEX Completely ignore any file that matches this regular expression. Takes precedence over any other settings or plugins. Specifying this option will replace the default setting. Specify this option multiple times to add more regular expressions [NOSE_IGNORE_FILES] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-e=REGEX, \-\-exclude=REGEX Don\(aqt run tests that match regular expression [NOSE_EXCLUDE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-i=REGEX, \-\-include=REGEX This regular expression will be applied to files, directories, function names, and class names for a chance to include additional tests that do not match TESTMATCH. Specify this option multiple times to add more regular expressions [NOSE_INCLUDE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-x, \-\-stop Stop running tests after the first error or failure .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-P, \-\-no\-path\-adjustment Don\(aqt make any changes to sys.path when loading tests [NOSE_NOPATH] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-exe Look for tests in python modules that are executable. Normal behavior is to exclude executable modules, since they may not be import\-safe [NOSE_INCLUDE_EXE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-noexe DO NOT look for tests in python modules that are executable. (The default on the windows platform is to do so.) .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-traverse\-namespace Traverse through all path entries of a namespace package .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-first\-package\-wins, \-\-first\-pkg\-wins, \-\-1st\-pkg\-wins nose\(aqs importer will normally evict a package from sys.modules if it sees a package with the same name in a different location. Set this option to disable that behavior. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-no\-byte\-compile Prevent nose from byte\-compiling the source into .pyc files while nose is scanning for and running tests. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-a=ATTR, \-\-attr=ATTR Run only tests that have attributes specified by ATTR [NOSE_ATTR] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-A=EXPR, \-\-eval\-attr=EXPR Run only tests for whose attributes the Python expression EXPR evaluates to True [NOSE_EVAL_ATTR] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-s, \-\-nocapture Don\(aqt capture stdout (any stdout output will be printed immediately) [NOSE_NOCAPTURE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-nologcapture Disable logging capture plugin. Logging configuration will be left intact. [NOSE_NOLOGCAPTURE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-logging\-format=FORMAT Specify custom format to print statements. Uses the same format as used by standard logging handlers. [NOSE_LOGFORMAT] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-logging\-datefmt=FORMAT Specify custom date/time format to print statements. Uses the same format as used by standard logging handlers. [NOSE_LOGDATEFMT] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-logging\-filter=FILTER Specify which statements to filter in/out. By default, everything is captured. If the output is too verbose, use this option to filter out needless output. Example: filter=foo will capture statements issued ONLY to foo or foo.what.ever.sub but not foobar or other logger. Specify multiple loggers with comma: filter=foo,bar,baz. If any logger name is prefixed with a minus, eg filter=\-foo, it will be excluded rather than included. Default: exclude logging messages from nose itself (\-nose). [NOSE_LOGFILTER] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-logging\-clear\-handlers Clear all other logging handlers .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-logging\-level=DEFAULT Set the log level to capture .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-with\-coverage Enable plugin Coverage: Activate a coverage report using Ned Batchelder\(aqs coverage module. [NOSE_WITH_COVERAGE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-package=PACKAGE Restrict coverage output to selected packages [NOSE_COVER_PACKAGE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-erase Erase previously collected coverage statistics before run .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-tests Include test modules in coverage report [NOSE_COVER_TESTS] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-min\-percentage=DEFAULT Minimum percentage of coverage for tests to pass [NOSE_COVER_MIN_PERCENTAGE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-inclusive Include all python files under working directory in coverage report. Useful for discovering holes in test coverage if not all files are imported by the test suite. [NOSE_COVER_INCLUSIVE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-html Produce HTML coverage information .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-html\-dir=DIR Produce HTML coverage information in dir .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-branches Include branch coverage in coverage report [NOSE_COVER_BRANCHES] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-xml Produce XML coverage information .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-cover\-xml\-file=FILE Produce XML coverage information in file .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-pdb Drop into debugger on failures or errors .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-pdb\-failures Drop into debugger on failures .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-pdb\-errors Drop into debugger on errors .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-no\-deprecated Disable special handling of DeprecatedTest exceptions. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-with\-doctest Enable plugin Doctest: Activate doctest plugin to find and run doctests in non\-test modules. [NOSE_WITH_DOCTEST] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-doctest\-tests Also look for doctests in test modules. Note that classes, methods and functions should have either doctests or non\-doctest tests, not both. [NOSE_DOCTEST_TESTS] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-doctest\-extension=EXT Also look for doctests in files with this extension [NOSE_DOCTEST_EXTENSION] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-doctest\-result\-variable=VAR Change the variable name set to the result of the last interpreter command from the default \(aq_\(aq. Can be used to avoid conflicts with the _() function used for text translation. [NOSE_DOCTEST_RESULT_VAR] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-doctest\-fixtures=SUFFIX Find fixtures for a doctest file in module with this name appended to the base name of the doctest file .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-doctest\-options=OPTIONS Specify options to pass to doctest. Eg. \(aq+ELLIPSIS,+NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE\(aq .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-with\-isolation Enable plugin IsolationPlugin: Activate the isolation plugin to isolate changes to external modules to a single test module or package. The isolation plugin resets the contents of sys.modules after each test module or package runs to its state before the test. PLEASE NOTE that this plugin should not be used with the coverage plugin, or in any other case where module reloading may produce undesirable side\-effects. [NOSE_WITH_ISOLATION] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-d, \-\-detailed\-errors, \-\-failure\-detail Add detail to error output by attempting to evaluate failed asserts [NOSE_DETAILED_ERRORS] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-with\-profile Enable plugin Profile: Use this plugin to run tests using the hotshot profiler. [NOSE_WITH_PROFILE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-profile\-sort=SORT Set sort order for profiler output .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-profile\-stats\-file=FILE Profiler stats file; default is a new temp file on each run .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-profile\-restrict=RESTRICT Restrict profiler output. See help for pstats.Stats for details .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-no\-skip Disable special handling of SkipTest exceptions. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-with\-id Enable plugin TestId: Activate to add a test id (like #1) to each test name output. Activate with \-\-failed to rerun failing tests only. [NOSE_WITH_ID] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-id\-file=FILE Store test ids found in test runs in this file. Default is the file .noseids in the working directory. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-failed Run the tests that failed in the last test run. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-processes=NUM Spread test run among this many processes. Set a number equal to the number of processors or cores in your machine for best results. Pass a negative number to have the number of processes automatically set to the number of cores. Passing 0 means to disable parallel testing. Default is 0 unless NOSE_PROCESSES is set. [NOSE_PROCESSES] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-process\-timeout=SECONDS Set timeout for return of results from each test runner process. Default is 10. [NOSE_PROCESS_TIMEOUT] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-process\-restartworker If set, will restart each worker process once their tests are done, this helps control memory leaks from killing the system. [NOSE_PROCESS_RESTARTWORKER] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-with\-xunit Enable plugin Xunit: This plugin provides test results in the standard XUnit XML format. [NOSE_WITH_XUNIT] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-xunit\-file=FILE Path to xml file to store the xunit report in. Default is nosetests.xml in the working directory [NOSE_XUNIT_FILE] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-xunit\-testsuite\-name=PACKAGE Name of the testsuite in the xunit xml, generated by plugin. Default test suite name is nosetests. .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-all\-modules Enable plugin AllModules: Collect tests from all python modules. [NOSE_ALL_MODULES] .UNINDENT .INDENT 0.0 .TP .B \-\-collect\-only Enable collect\-only: Collect and output test names only, don\(aqt run any tests. [COLLECT_ONLY] .UNINDENT .SH AUTHOR Nose developers .SH COPYRIGHT 2009, Jason Pellerin .\" Generated by docutils manpage writer. . man1/pcregrep.1 0000644 00000105172 15153570470 0007306 0 ustar 00 .TH PCREGREP 1 "03 April 2014" "PCRE 8.35" .SH NAME pcregrep - a grep with Perl-compatible regular expressions. .SH SYNOPSIS .B pcregrep [options] [long options] [pattern] [path1 path2 ...] . .SH DESCRIPTION .rs .sp \fBpcregrep\fP searches files for character patterns, in the same way as other grep commands do, but it uses the PCRE regular expression library to support patterns that are compatible with the regular expressions of Perl 5. See .\" HREF \fBpcresyntax\fP(3) .\" for a quick-reference summary of pattern syntax, or .\" HREF \fBpcrepattern\fP(3) .\" for a full description of the syntax and semantics of the regular expressions that PCRE supports. .P Patterns, whether supplied on the command line or in a separate file, are given without delimiters. For example: .sp pcregrep Thursday /etc/motd .sp If you attempt to use delimiters (for example, by surrounding a pattern with slashes, as is common in Perl scripts), they are interpreted as part of the pattern. Quotes can of course be used to delimit patterns on the command line because they are interpreted by the shell, and indeed quotes are required if a pattern contains white space or shell metacharacters. .P The first argument that follows any option settings is treated as the single pattern to be matched when neither \fB-e\fP nor \fB-f\fP is present. Conversely, when one or both of these options are used to specify patterns, all arguments are treated as path names. At least one of \fB-e\fP, \fB-f\fP, or an argument pattern must be provided. .P If no files are specified, \fBpcregrep\fP reads the standard input. The standard input can also be referenced by a name consisting of a single hyphen. For example: .sp pcregrep some-pattern /file1 - /file3 .sp By default, each line that matches a pattern is copied to the standard output, and if there is more than one file, the file name is output at the start of each line, followed by a colon. However, there are options that can change how \fBpcregrep\fP behaves. In particular, the \fB-M\fP option makes it possible to search for patterns that span line boundaries. What defines a line boundary is controlled by the \fB-N\fP (\fB--newline\fP) option. .P The amount of memory used for buffering files that are being scanned is controlled by a parameter that can be set by the \fB--buffer-size\fP option. The default value for this parameter is specified when \fBpcregrep\fP is built, with the default default being 20K. A block of memory three times this size is used (to allow for buffering "before" and "after" lines). An error occurs if a line overflows the buffer. .P Patterns can be no longer than 8K or BUFSIZ bytes, whichever is the greater. BUFSIZ is defined in \fB<stdio.h>\fP. When there is more than one pattern (specified by the use of \fB-e\fP and/or \fB-f\fP), each pattern is applied to each line in the order in which they are defined, except that all the \fB-e\fP patterns are tried before the \fB-f\fP patterns. .P By default, as soon as one pattern matches a line, no further patterns are considered. However, if \fB--colour\fP (or \fB--color\fP) is used to colour the matching substrings, or if \fB--only-matching\fP, \fB--file-offsets\fP, or \fB--line-offsets\fP is used to output only the part of the line that matched (either shown literally, or as an offset), scanning resumes immediately following the match, so that further matches on the same line can be found. If there are multiple patterns, they are all tried on the remainder of the line, but patterns that follow the one that matched are not tried on the earlier part of the line. .P This behaviour means that the order in which multiple patterns are specified can affect the output when one of the above options is used. This is no longer the same behaviour as GNU grep, which now manages to display earlier matches for later patterns (as long as there is no overlap). .P Patterns that can match an empty string are accepted, but empty string matches are never recognized. An example is the pattern "(super)?(man)?", in which all components are optional. This pattern finds all occurrences of both "super" and "man"; the output differs from matching with "super|man" when only the matching substrings are being shown. .P If the \fBLC_ALL\fP or \fBLC_CTYPE\fP environment variable is set, \fBpcregrep\fP uses the value to set a locale when calling the PCRE library. The \fB--locale\fP option can be used to override this. . . .SH "SUPPORT FOR COMPRESSED FILES" .rs .sp It is possible to compile \fBpcregrep\fP so that it uses \fBlibz\fP or \fBlibbz2\fP to read files whose names end in \fB.gz\fP or \fB.bz2\fP, respectively. You can find out whether your binary has support for one or both of these file types by running it with the \fB--help\fP option. If the appropriate support is not present, files are treated as plain text. The standard input is always so treated. . . .SH "BINARY FILES" .rs .sp By default, a file that contains a binary zero byte within the first 1024 bytes is identified as a binary file, and is processed specially. (GNU grep also identifies binary files in this manner.) See the \fB--binary-files\fP option for a means of changing the way binary files are handled. . . .SH OPTIONS .rs .sp The order in which some of the options appear can affect the output. For example, both the \fB-h\fP and \fB-l\fP options affect the printing of file names. Whichever comes later in the command line will be the one that takes effect. Similarly, except where noted below, if an option is given twice, the later setting is used. Numerical values for options may be followed by K or M, to signify multiplication by 1024 or 1024*1024 respectively. .TP 10 \fB--\fP This terminates the list of options. It is useful if the next item on the command line starts with a hyphen but is not an option. This allows for the processing of patterns and filenames that start with hyphens. .TP \fB-A\fP \fInumber\fP, \fB--after-context=\fP\fInumber\fP Output \fInumber\fP lines of context after each matching line. If filenames and/or line numbers are being output, a hyphen separator is used instead of a colon for the context lines. A line containing "--" is output between each group of lines, unless they are in fact contiguous in the input file. The value of \fInumber\fP is expected to be relatively small. However, \fBpcregrep\fP guarantees to have up to 8K of following text available for context output. .TP \fB-a\fP, \fB--text\fP Treat binary files as text. This is equivalent to \fB--binary-files\fP=\fItext\fP. .TP \fB-B\fP \fInumber\fP, \fB--before-context=\fP\fInumber\fP Output \fInumber\fP lines of context before each matching line. If filenames and/or line numbers are being output, a hyphen separator is used instead of a colon for the context lines. A line containing "--" is output between each group of lines, unless they are in fact contiguous in the input file. The value of \fInumber\fP is expected to be relatively small. However, \fBpcregrep\fP guarantees to have up to 8K of preceding text available for context output. .TP \fB--binary-files=\fP\fIword\fP Specify how binary files are to be processed. If the word is "binary" (the default), pattern matching is performed on binary files, but the only output is "Binary file <name> matches" when a match succeeds. If the word is "text", which is equivalent to the \fB-a\fP or \fB--text\fP option, binary files are processed in the same way as any other file. In this case, when a match succeeds, the output may be binary garbage, which can have nasty effects if sent to a terminal. If the word is "without-match", which is equivalent to the \fB-I\fP option, binary files are not processed at all; they are assumed not to be of interest. .TP \fB--buffer-size=\fP\fInumber\fP Set the parameter that controls how much memory is used for buffering files that are being scanned. .TP \fB-C\fP \fInumber\fP, \fB--context=\fP\fInumber\fP Output \fInumber\fP lines of context both before and after each matching line. This is equivalent to setting both \fB-A\fP and \fB-B\fP to the same value. .TP \fB-c\fP, \fB--count\fP Do not output individual lines from the files that are being scanned; instead output the number of lines that would otherwise have been shown. If no lines are selected, the number zero is output. If several files are are being scanned, a count is output for each of them. However, if the \fB--files-with-matches\fP option is also used, only those files whose counts are greater than zero are listed. When \fB-c\fP is used, the \fB-A\fP, \fB-B\fP, and \fB-C\fP options are ignored. .TP \fB--colour\fP, \fB--color\fP If this option is given without any data, it is equivalent to "--colour=auto". If data is required, it must be given in the same shell item, separated by an equals sign. .TP \fB--colour=\fP\fIvalue\fP, \fB--color=\fP\fIvalue\fP This option specifies under what circumstances the parts of a line that matched a pattern should be coloured in the output. By default, the output is not coloured. The value (which is optional, see above) may be "never", "always", or "auto". In the latter case, colouring happens only if the standard output is connected to a terminal. More resources are used when colouring is enabled, because \fBpcregrep\fP has to search for all possible matches in a line, not just one, in order to colour them all. .sp The colour that is used can be specified by setting the environment variable PCREGREP_COLOUR or PCREGREP_COLOR. The value of this variable should be a string of two numbers, separated by a semicolon. They are copied directly into the control string for setting colour on a terminal, so it is your responsibility to ensure that they make sense. If neither of the environment variables is set, the default is "1;31", which gives red. .TP \fB-D\fP \fIaction\fP, \fB--devices=\fP\fIaction\fP If an input path is not a regular file or a directory, "action" specifies how it is to be processed. Valid values are "read" (the default) or "skip" (silently skip the path). .TP \fB-d\fP \fIaction\fP, \fB--directories=\fP\fIaction\fP If an input path is a directory, "action" specifies how it is to be processed. Valid values are "read" (the default in non-Windows environments, for compatibility with GNU grep), "recurse" (equivalent to the \fB-r\fP option), or "skip" (silently skip the path, the default in Windows environments). In the "read" case, directories are read as if they were ordinary files. In some operating systems the effect of reading a directory like this is an immediate end-of-file; in others it may provoke an error. .TP \fB-e\fP \fIpattern\fP, \fB--regex=\fP\fIpattern\fP, \fB--regexp=\fP\fIpattern\fP Specify a pattern to be matched. This option can be used multiple times in order to specify several patterns. It can also be used as a way of specifying a single pattern that starts with a hyphen. When \fB-e\fP is used, no argument pattern is taken from the command line; all arguments are treated as file names. There is no limit to the number of patterns. They are applied to each line in the order in which they are defined until one matches. .sp If \fB-f\fP is used with \fB-e\fP, the command line patterns are matched first, followed by the patterns from the file(s), independent of the order in which these options are specified. Note that multiple use of \fB-e\fP is not the same as a single pattern with alternatives. For example, X|Y finds the first character in a line that is X or Y, whereas if the two patterns are given separately, with X first, \fBpcregrep\fP finds X if it is present, even if it follows Y in the line. It finds Y only if there is no X in the line. This matters only if you are using \fB-o\fP or \fB--colo(u)r\fP to show the part(s) of the line that matched. .TP \fB--exclude\fP=\fIpattern\fP Files (but not directories) whose names match the pattern are skipped without being processed. This applies to all files, whether listed on the command line, obtained from \fB--file-list\fP, or by scanning a directory. The pattern is a PCRE regular expression, and is matched against the final component of the file name, not the entire path. The \fB-F\fP, \fB-w\fP, and \fB-x\fP options do not apply to this pattern. The option may be given any number of times in order to specify multiple patterns. If a file name matches both an \fB--include\fP and an \fB--exclude\fP pattern, it is excluded. There is no short form for this option. .TP \fB--exclude-from=\fP\fIfilename\fP Treat each non-empty line of the file as the data for an \fB--exclude\fP option. What constitutes a newline when reading the file is the operating system's default. The \fB--newline\fP option has no effect on this option. This option may be given more than once in order to specify a number of files to read. .TP \fB--exclude-dir\fP=\fIpattern\fP Directories whose names match the pattern are skipped without being processed, whatever the setting of the \fB--recursive\fP option. This applies to all directories, whether listed on the command line, obtained from \fB--file-list\fP, or by scanning a parent directory. The pattern is a PCRE regular expression, and is matched against the final component of the directory name, not the entire path. The \fB-F\fP, \fB-w\fP, and \fB-x\fP options do not apply to this pattern. The option may be given any number of times in order to specify more than one pattern. If a directory matches both \fB--include-dir\fP and \fB--exclude-dir\fP, it is excluded. There is no short form for this option. .TP \fB-F\fP, \fB--fixed-strings\fP Interpret each data-matching pattern as a list of fixed strings, separated by newlines, instead of as a regular expression. What constitutes a newline for this purpose is controlled by the \fB--newline\fP option. The \fB-w\fP (match as a word) and \fB-x\fP (match whole line) options can be used with \fB-F\fP. They apply to each of the fixed strings. A line is selected if any of the fixed strings are found in it (subject to \fB-w\fP or \fB-x\fP, if present). This option applies only to the patterns that are matched against the contents of files; it does not apply to patterns specified by any of the \fB--include\fP or \fB--exclude\fP options. .TP \fB-f\fP \fIfilename\fP, \fB--file=\fP\fIfilename\fP Read patterns from the file, one per line, and match them against each line of input. What constitutes a newline when reading the file is the operating system's default. The \fB--newline\fP option has no effect on this option. Trailing white space is removed from each line, and blank lines are ignored. An empty file contains no patterns and therefore matches nothing. See also the comments about multiple patterns versus a single pattern with alternatives in the description of \fB-e\fP above. .sp If this option is given more than once, all the specified files are read. A data line is output if any of the patterns match it. A filename can be given as "-" to refer to the standard input. When \fB-f\fP is used, patterns specified on the command line using \fB-e\fP may also be present; they are tested before the file's patterns. However, no other pattern is taken from the command line; all arguments are treated as the names of paths to be searched. .TP \fB--file-list\fP=\fIfilename\fP Read a list of files and/or directories that are to be scanned from the given file, one per line. Trailing white space is removed from each line, and blank lines are ignored. These paths are processed before any that are listed on the command line. The filename can be given as "-" to refer to the standard input. If \fB--file\fP and \fB--file-list\fP are both specified as "-", patterns are read first. This is useful only when the standard input is a terminal, from which further lines (the list of files) can be read after an end-of-file indication. If this option is given more than once, all the specified files are read. .TP \fB--file-offsets\fP Instead of showing lines or parts of lines that match, show each match as an offset from the start of the file and a length, separated by a comma. In this mode, no context is shown. That is, the \fB-A\fP, \fB-B\fP, and \fB-C\fP options are ignored. If there is more than one match in a line, each of them is shown separately. This option is mutually exclusive with \fB--line-offsets\fP and \fB--only-matching\fP. .TP \fB-H\fP, \fB--with-filename\fP Force the inclusion of the filename at the start of output lines when searching a single file. By default, the filename is not shown in this case. For matching lines, the filename is followed by a colon; for context lines, a hyphen separator is used. If a line number is also being output, it follows the file name. .TP \fB-h\fP, \fB--no-filename\fP Suppress the output filenames when searching multiple files. By default, filenames are shown when multiple files are searched. For matching lines, the filename is followed by a colon; for context lines, a hyphen separator is used. If a line number is also being output, it follows the file name. .TP \fB--help\fP Output a help message, giving brief details of the command options and file type support, and then exit. Anything else on the command line is ignored. .TP \fB-I\fP Treat binary files as never matching. This is equivalent to \fB--binary-files\fP=\fIwithout-match\fP. .TP \fB-i\fP, \fB--ignore-case\fP Ignore upper/lower case distinctions during comparisons. .TP \fB--include\fP=\fIpattern\fP If any \fB--include\fP patterns are specified, the only files that are processed are those that match one of the patterns (and do not match an \fB--exclude\fP pattern). This option does not affect directories, but it applies to all files, whether listed on the command line, obtained from \fB--file-list\fP, or by scanning a directory. The pattern is a PCRE regular expression, and is matched against the final component of the file name, not the entire path. The \fB-F\fP, \fB-w\fP, and \fB-x\fP options do not apply to this pattern. The option may be given any number of times. If a file name matches both an \fB--include\fP and an \fB--exclude\fP pattern, it is excluded. There is no short form for this option. .TP \fB--include-from=\fP\fIfilename\fP Treat each non-empty line of the file as the data for an \fB--include\fP option. What constitutes a newline for this purpose is the operating system's default. The \fB--newline\fP option has no effect on this option. This option may be given any number of times; all the files are read. .TP \fB--include-dir\fP=\fIpattern\fP If any \fB--include-dir\fP patterns are specified, the only directories that are processed are those that match one of the patterns (and do not match an \fB--exclude-dir\fP pattern). This applies to all directories, whether listed on the command line, obtained from \fB--file-list\fP, or by scanning a parent directory. The pattern is a PCRE regular expression, and is matched against the final component of the directory name, not the entire path. The \fB-F\fP, \fB-w\fP, and \fB-x\fP options do not apply to this pattern. The option may be given any number of times. If a directory matches both \fB--include-dir\fP and \fB--exclude-dir\fP, it is excluded. There is no short form for this option. .TP \fB-L\fP, \fB--files-without-match\fP Instead of outputting lines from the files, just output the names of the files that do not contain any lines that would have been output. Each file name is output once, on a separate line. .TP \fB-l\fP, \fB--files-with-matches\fP Instead of outputting lines from the files, just output the names of the files containing lines that would have been output. Each file name is output once, on a separate line. Searching normally stops as soon as a matching line is found in a file. However, if the \fB-c\fP (count) option is also used, matching continues in order to obtain the correct count, and those files that have at least one match are listed along with their counts. Using this option with \fB-c\fP is a way of suppressing the listing of files with no matches. .TP \fB--label\fP=\fIname\fP This option supplies a name to be used for the standard input when file names are being output. If not supplied, "(standard input)" is used. There is no short form for this option. .TP \fB--line-buffered\fP When this option is given, input is read and processed line by line, and the output is flushed after each write. By default, input is read in large chunks, unless \fBpcregrep\fP can determine that it is reading from a terminal (which is currently possible only in Unix-like environments). Output to terminal is normally automatically flushed by the operating system. This option can be useful when the input or output is attached to a pipe and you do not want \fBpcregrep\fP to buffer up large amounts of data. However, its use will affect performance, and the \fB-M\fP (multiline) option ceases to work. .TP \fB--line-offsets\fP Instead of showing lines or parts of lines that match, show each match as a line number, the offset from the start of the line, and a length. The line number is terminated by a colon (as usual; see the \fB-n\fP option), and the offset and length are separated by a comma. In this mode, no context is shown. That is, the \fB-A\fP, \fB-B\fP, and \fB-C\fP options are ignored. If there is more than one match in a line, each of them is shown separately. This option is mutually exclusive with \fB--file-offsets\fP and \fB--only-matching\fP. .TP \fB--locale\fP=\fIlocale-name\fP This option specifies a locale to be used for pattern matching. It overrides the value in the \fBLC_ALL\fP or \fBLC_CTYPE\fP environment variables. If no locale is specified, the PCRE library's default (usually the "C" locale) is used. There is no short form for this option. .TP \fB--match-limit\fP=\fInumber\fP Processing some regular expression patterns can require a very large amount of memory, leading in some cases to a program crash if not enough is available. Other patterns may take a very long time to search for all possible matching strings. The \fBpcre_exec()\fP function that is called by \fBpcregrep\fP to do the matching has two parameters that can limit the resources that it uses. .sp The \fB--match-limit\fP option provides a means of limiting resource usage when processing patterns that are not going to match, but which have a very large number of possibilities in their search trees. The classic example is a pattern that uses nested unlimited repeats. Internally, PCRE uses a function called \fBmatch()\fP which it calls repeatedly (sometimes recursively). The limit set by \fB--match-limit\fP is imposed on the number of times this function is called during a match, which has the effect of limiting the amount of backtracking that can take place. .sp The \fB--recursion-limit\fP option is similar to \fB--match-limit\fP, but instead of limiting the total number of times that \fBmatch()\fP is called, it limits the depth of recursive calls, which in turn limits the amount of memory that can be used. The recursion depth is a smaller number than the total number of calls, because not all calls to \fBmatch()\fP are recursive. This limit is of use only if it is set smaller than \fB--match-limit\fP. .sp There are no short forms for these options. The default settings are specified when the PCRE library is compiled, with the default default being 10 million. .TP \fB-M\fP, \fB--multiline\fP Allow patterns to match more than one line. When this option is given, patterns may usefully contain literal newline characters and internal occurrences of ^ and $ characters. The output for a successful match may consist of more than one line, the last of which is the one in which the match ended. If the matched string ends with a newline sequence the output ends at the end of that line. .sp When this option is set, the PCRE library is called in "multiline" mode. There is a limit to the number of lines that can be matched, imposed by the way that \fBpcregrep\fP buffers the input file as it scans it. However, \fBpcregrep\fP ensures that at least 8K characters or the rest of the document (whichever is the shorter) are available for forward matching, and similarly the previous 8K characters (or all the previous characters, if fewer than 8K) are guaranteed to be available for lookbehind assertions. This option does not work when input is read line by line (see \fP--line-buffered\fP.) .TP \fB-N\fP \fInewline-type\fP, \fB--newline\fP=\fInewline-type\fP The PCRE library supports five different conventions for indicating the ends of lines. They are the single-character sequences CR (carriage return) and LF (linefeed), the two-character sequence CRLF, an "anycrlf" convention, which recognizes any of the preceding three types, and an "any" convention, in which any Unicode line ending sequence is assumed to end a line. The Unicode sequences are the three just mentioned, plus VT (vertical tab, U+000B), FF (form feed, U+000C), NEL (next line, U+0085), LS (line separator, U+2028), and PS (paragraph separator, U+2029). .sp When the PCRE library is built, a default line-ending sequence is specified. This is normally the standard sequence for the operating system. Unless otherwise specified by this option, \fBpcregrep\fP uses the library's default. The possible values for this option are CR, LF, CRLF, ANYCRLF, or ANY. This makes it possible to use \fBpcregrep\fP to scan files that have come from other environments without having to modify their line endings. If the data that is being scanned does not agree with the convention set by this option, \fBpcregrep\fP may behave in strange ways. Note that this option does not apply to files specified by the \fB-f\fP, \fB--exclude-from\fP, or \fB--include-from\fP options, which are expected to use the operating system's standard newline sequence. .TP \fB-n\fP, \fB--line-number\fP Precede each output line by its line number in the file, followed by a colon for matching lines or a hyphen for context lines. If the filename is also being output, it precedes the line number. This option is forced if \fB--line-offsets\fP is used. .TP \fB--no-jit\fP If the PCRE library is built with support for just-in-time compiling (which speeds up matching), \fBpcregrep\fP automatically makes use of this, unless it was explicitly disabled at build time. This option can be used to disable the use of JIT at run time. It is provided for testing and working round problems. It should never be needed in normal use. .TP \fB-o\fP, \fB--only-matching\fP Show only the part of the line that matched a pattern instead of the whole line. In this mode, no context is shown. That is, the \fB-A\fP, \fB-B\fP, and \fB-C\fP options are ignored. If there is more than one match in a line, each of them is shown separately. If \fB-o\fP is combined with \fB-v\fP (invert the sense of the match to find non-matching lines), no output is generated, but the return code is set appropriately. If the matched portion of the line is empty, nothing is output unless the file name or line number are being printed, in which case they are shown on an otherwise empty line. This option is mutually exclusive with \fB--file-offsets\fP and \fB--line-offsets\fP. .TP \fB-o\fP\fInumber\fP, \fB--only-matching\fP=\fInumber\fP Show only the part of the line that matched the capturing parentheses of the given number. Up to 32 capturing parentheses are supported, and -o0 is equivalent to \fB-o\fP without a number. Because these options can be given without an argument (see above), if an argument is present, it must be given in the same shell item, for example, -o3 or --only-matching=2. The comments given for the non-argument case above also apply to this case. If the specified capturing parentheses do not exist in the pattern, or were not set in the match, nothing is output unless the file name or line number are being printed. .sp If this option is given multiple times, multiple substrings are output, in the order the options are given. For example, -o3 -o1 -o3 causes the substrings matched by capturing parentheses 3 and 1 and then 3 again to be output. By default, there is no separator (but see the next option). .TP \fB--om-separator\fP=\fItext\fP Specify a separating string for multiple occurrences of \fB-o\fP. The default is an empty string. Separating strings are never coloured. .TP \fB-q\fP, \fB--quiet\fP Work quietly, that is, display nothing except error messages. The exit status indicates whether or not any matches were found. .TP \fB-r\fP, \fB--recursive\fP If any given path is a directory, recursively scan the files it contains, taking note of any \fB--include\fP and \fB--exclude\fP settings. By default, a directory is read as a normal file; in some operating systems this gives an immediate end-of-file. This option is a shorthand for setting the \fB-d\fP option to "recurse". .TP \fB--recursion-limit\fP=\fInumber\fP See \fB--match-limit\fP above. .TP \fB-s\fP, \fB--no-messages\fP Suppress error messages about non-existent or unreadable files. Such files are quietly skipped. However, the return code is still 2, even if matches were found in other files. .TP \fB-u\fP, \fB--utf-8\fP Operate in UTF-8 mode. This option is available only if PCRE has been compiled with UTF-8 support. All patterns (including those for any \fB--exclude\fP and \fB--include\fP options) and all subject lines that are scanned must be valid strings of UTF-8 characters. .TP \fB-V\fP, \fB--version\fP Write the version numbers of \fBpcregrep\fP and the PCRE library to the standard output and then exit. Anything else on the command line is ignored. .TP \fB-v\fP, \fB--invert-match\fP Invert the sense of the match, so that lines which do \fInot\fP match any of the patterns are the ones that are found. .TP \fB-w\fP, \fB--word-regex\fP, \fB--word-regexp\fP Force the patterns to match only whole words. This is equivalent to having \eb at the start and end of the pattern. This option applies only to the patterns that are matched against the contents of files; it does not apply to patterns specified by any of the \fB--include\fP or \fB--exclude\fP options. .TP \fB-x\fP, \fB--line-regex\fP, \fB--line-regexp\fP Force the patterns to be anchored (each must start matching at the beginning of a line) and in addition, require them to match entire lines. This is equivalent to having ^ and $ characters at the start and end of each alternative branch in every pattern. This option applies only to the patterns that are matched against the contents of files; it does not apply to patterns specified by any of the \fB--include\fP or \fB--exclude\fP options. . . .SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES" .rs .sp The environment variables \fBLC_ALL\fP and \fBLC_CTYPE\fP are examined, in that order, for a locale. The first one that is set is used. This can be overridden by the \fB--locale\fP option. If no locale is set, the PCRE library's default (usually the "C" locale) is used. . . .SH "NEWLINES" .rs .sp The \fB-N\fP (\fB--newline\fP) option allows \fBpcregrep\fP to scan files with different newline conventions from the default. Any parts of the input files that are written to the standard output are copied identically, with whatever newline sequences they have in the input. However, the setting of this option does not affect the interpretation of files specified by the \fB-f\fP, \fB--exclude-from\fP, or \fB--include-from\fP options, which are assumed to use the operating system's standard newline sequence, nor does it affect the way in which \fBpcregrep\fP writes informational messages to the standard error and output streams. For these it uses the string "\en" to indicate newlines, relying on the C I/O library to convert this to an appropriate sequence. . . .SH "OPTIONS COMPATIBILITY" .rs .sp Many of the short and long forms of \fBpcregrep\fP's options are the same as in the GNU \fBgrep\fP program. Any long option of the form \fB--xxx-regexp\fP (GNU terminology) is also available as \fB--xxx-regex\fP (PCRE terminology). However, the \fB--file-list\fP, \fB--file-offsets\fP, \fB--include-dir\fP, \fB--line-offsets\fP, \fB--locale\fP, \fB--match-limit\fP, \fB-M\fP, \fB--multiline\fP, \fB-N\fP, \fB--newline\fP, \fB--om-separator\fP, \fB--recursion-limit\fP, \fB-u\fP, and \fB--utf-8\fP options are specific to \fBpcregrep\fP, as is the use of the \fB--only-matching\fP option with a capturing parentheses number. .P Although most of the common options work the same way, a few are different in \fBpcregrep\fP. For example, the \fB--include\fP option's argument is a glob for GNU \fBgrep\fP, but a regular expression for \fBpcregrep\fP. If both the \fB-c\fP and \fB-l\fP options are given, GNU grep lists only file names, without counts, but \fBpcregrep\fP gives the counts. . . .SH "OPTIONS WITH DATA" .rs .sp There are four different ways in which an option with data can be specified. If a short form option is used, the data may follow immediately, or (with one exception) in the next command line item. For example: .sp -f/some/file -f /some/file .sp The exception is the \fB-o\fP option, which may appear with or without data. Because of this, if data is present, it must follow immediately in the same item, for example -o3. .P If a long form option is used, the data may appear in the same command line item, separated by an equals character, or (with two exceptions) it may appear in the next command line item. For example: .sp --file=/some/file --file /some/file .sp Note, however, that if you want to supply a file name beginning with ~ as data in a shell command, and have the shell expand ~ to a home directory, you must separate the file name from the option, because the shell does not treat ~ specially unless it is at the start of an item. .P The exceptions to the above are the \fB--colour\fP (or \fB--color\fP) and \fB--only-matching\fP options, for which the data is optional. If one of these options does have data, it must be given in the first form, using an equals character. Otherwise \fBpcregrep\fP will assume that it has no data. . . .SH "MATCHING ERRORS" .rs .sp It is possible to supply a regular expression that takes a very long time to fail to match certain lines. Such patterns normally involve nested indefinite repeats, for example: (a+)*\ed when matched against a line of a's with no final digit. The PCRE matching function has a resource limit that causes it to abort in these circumstances. If this happens, \fBpcregrep\fP outputs an error message and the line that caused the problem to the standard error stream. If there are more than 20 such errors, \fBpcregrep\fP gives up. .P The \fB--match-limit\fP option of \fBpcregrep\fP can be used to set the overall resource limit; there is a second option called \fB--recursion-limit\fP that sets a limit on the amount of memory (usually stack) that is used (see the discussion of these options above). . . .SH DIAGNOSTICS .rs .sp Exit status is 0 if any matches were found, 1 if no matches were found, and 2 for syntax errors, overlong lines, non-existent or inaccessible files (even if matches were found in other files) or too many matching errors. Using the \fB-s\fP option to suppress error messages about inaccessible files does not affect the return code. . . .SH "SEE ALSO" .rs .sp \fBpcrepattern\fP(3), \fBpcresyntax\fP(3), \fBpcretest\fP(1). . . .SH AUTHOR .rs .sp .nf Philip Hazel University Computing Service Cambridge CB2 3QH, England. .fi . . .SH REVISION .rs .sp .nf Last updated: 03 April 2014 Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge. .fi man1/pcretest.1 0000644 00000140460 15153570470 0007327 0 ustar 00 .TH PCRETEST 1 "23 February 2017" "PCRE 8.41" .SH NAME pcretest - a program for testing Perl-compatible regular expressions. .SH SYNOPSIS .rs .sp .B pcretest "[options] [input file [output file]]" .sp \fBpcretest\fP was written as a test program for the PCRE regular expression library itself, but it can also be used for experimenting with regular expressions. This document describes the features of the test program; for details of the regular expressions themselves, see the .\" HREF \fBpcrepattern\fP .\" documentation. For details of the PCRE library function calls and their options, see the .\" HREF \fBpcreapi\fP .\" , .\" HREF \fBpcre16\fP and .\" HREF \fBpcre32\fP .\" documentation. .P The input for \fBpcretest\fP is a sequence of regular expression patterns and strings to be matched, as described below. The output shows the result of each match. Options on the command line and the patterns control PCRE options and exactly what is output. .P As PCRE has evolved, it has acquired many different features, and as a result, \fBpcretest\fP now has rather a lot of obscure options for testing every possible feature. Some of these options are specifically designed for use in conjunction with the test script and data files that are distributed as part of PCRE, and are unlikely to be of use otherwise. They are all documented here, but without much justification. . . .SH "INPUT DATA FORMAT" .rs .sp Input to \fBpcretest\fP is processed line by line, either by calling the C library's \fBfgets()\fP function, or via the \fBlibreadline\fP library (see below). In Unix-like environments, \fBfgets()\fP treats any bytes other than newline as data characters. However, in some Windows environments character 26 (hex 1A) causes an immediate end of file, and no further data is read. For maximum portability, therefore, it is safest to use only ASCII characters in \fBpcretest\fP input files. .P The input is processed using using C's string functions, so must not contain binary zeroes, even though in Unix-like environments, \fBfgets()\fP treats any bytes other than newline as data characters. . . .SH "PCRE's 8-BIT, 16-BIT AND 32-BIT LIBRARIES" .rs .sp From release 8.30, two separate PCRE libraries can be built. The original one supports 8-bit character strings, whereas the newer 16-bit library supports character strings encoded in 16-bit units. From release 8.32, a third library can be built, supporting character strings encoded in 32-bit units. The \fBpcretest\fP program can be used to test all three libraries. However, it is itself still an 8-bit program, reading 8-bit input and writing 8-bit output. When testing the 16-bit or 32-bit library, the patterns and data strings are converted to 16- or 32-bit format before being passed to the PCRE library functions. Results are converted to 8-bit for output. .P References to functions and structures of the form \fBpcre[16|32]_xx\fP below mean "\fBpcre_xx\fP when using the 8-bit library, \fBpcre16_xx\fP when using the 16-bit library, or \fBpcre32_xx\fP when using the 32-bit library". . . .SH "COMMAND LINE OPTIONS" .rs .TP 10 \fB-8\fP If both the 8-bit library has been built, this option causes the 8-bit library to be used (which is the default); if the 8-bit library has not been built, this option causes an error. .TP 10 \fB-16\fP If both the 8-bit or the 32-bit, and the 16-bit libraries have been built, this option causes the 16-bit library to be used. If only the 16-bit library has been built, this is the default (so has no effect). If only the 8-bit or the 32-bit library has been built, this option causes an error. .TP 10 \fB-32\fP If both the 8-bit or the 16-bit, and the 32-bit libraries have been built, this option causes the 32-bit library to be used. If only the 32-bit library has been built, this is the default (so has no effect). If only the 8-bit or the 16-bit library has been built, this option causes an error. .TP 10 \fB-b\fP Behave as if each pattern has the \fB/B\fP (show byte code) modifier; the internal form is output after compilation. .TP 10 \fB-C\fP Output the version number of the PCRE library, and all available information about the optional features that are included, and then exit with zero exit code. All other options are ignored. .TP 10 \fB-C\fP \fIoption\fP Output information about a specific build-time option, then exit. This functionality is intended for use in scripts such as \fBRunTest\fP. The following options output the value and set the exit code as indicated: .sp ebcdic-nl the code for LF (= NL) in an EBCDIC environment: 0x15 or 0x25 0 if used in an ASCII environment exit code is always 0 linksize the configured internal link size (2, 3, or 4) exit code is set to the link size newline the default newline setting: CR, LF, CRLF, ANYCRLF, or ANY exit code is always 0 bsr the default setting for what \eR matches: ANYCRLF or ANY exit code is always 0 .sp The following options output 1 for true or 0 for false, and set the exit code to the same value: .sp ebcdic compiled for an EBCDIC environment jit just-in-time support is available pcre16 the 16-bit library was built pcre32 the 32-bit library was built pcre8 the 8-bit library was built ucp Unicode property support is available utf UTF-8 and/or UTF-16 and/or UTF-32 support is available .sp If an unknown option is given, an error message is output; the exit code is 0. .TP 10 \fB-d\fP Behave as if each pattern has the \fB/D\fP (debug) modifier; the internal form and information about the compiled pattern is output after compilation; \fB-d\fP is equivalent to \fB-b -i\fP. .TP 10 \fB-dfa\fP Behave as if each data line contains the \eD escape sequence; this causes the alternative matching function, \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP, to be used instead of the standard \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP function (more detail is given below). .TP 10 \fB-help\fP Output a brief summary these options and then exit. .TP 10 \fB-i\fP Behave as if each pattern has the \fB/I\fP modifier; information about the compiled pattern is given after compilation. .TP 10 \fB-M\fP Behave as if each data line contains the \eM escape sequence; this causes PCRE to discover the minimum MATCH_LIMIT and MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION settings by calling \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP repeatedly with different limits. .TP 10 \fB-m\fP Output the size of each compiled pattern after it has been compiled. This is equivalent to adding \fB/M\fP to each regular expression. The size is given in bytes for both libraries. .TP 10 \fB-O\fP Behave as if each pattern has the \fB/O\fP modifier, that is disable auto-possessification for all patterns. .TP 10 \fB-o\fP \fIosize\fP Set the number of elements in the output vector that is used when calling \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP to be \fIosize\fP. The default value is 45, which is enough for 14 capturing subexpressions for \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or 22 different matches for \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP. The vector size can be changed for individual matching calls by including \eO in the data line (see below). .TP 10 \fB-p\fP Behave as if each pattern has the \fB/P\fP modifier; the POSIX wrapper API is used to call PCRE. None of the other options has any effect when \fB-p\fP is set. This option can be used only with the 8-bit library. .TP 10 \fB-q\fP Do not output the version number of \fBpcretest\fP at the start of execution. .TP 10 \fB-S\fP \fIsize\fP On Unix-like systems, set the size of the run-time stack to \fIsize\fP megabytes. .TP 10 \fB-s\fP or \fB-s+\fP Behave as if each pattern has the \fB/S\fP modifier; in other words, force each pattern to be studied. If \fB-s+\fP is used, all the JIT compile options are passed to \fBpcre[16|32]_study()\fP, causing just-in-time optimization to be set up if it is available, for both full and partial matching. Specific JIT compile options can be selected by following \fB-s+\fP with a digit in the range 1 to 7, which selects the JIT compile modes as follows: .sp 1 normal match only 2 soft partial match only 3 normal match and soft partial match 4 hard partial match only 6 soft and hard partial match 7 all three modes (default) .sp If \fB-s++\fP is used instead of \fB-s+\fP (with or without a following digit), the text "(JIT)" is added to the first output line after a match or no match when JIT-compiled code was actually used. .sp Note that there are pattern options that can override \fB-s\fP, either specifying no studying at all, or suppressing JIT compilation. .sp If the \fB/I\fP or \fB/D\fP option is present on a pattern (requesting output about the compiled pattern), information about the result of studying is not included when studying is caused only by \fB-s\fP and neither \fB-i\fP nor \fB-d\fP is present on the command line. This behaviour means that the output from tests that are run with and without \fB-s\fP should be identical, except when options that output information about the actual running of a match are set. .sp The \fB-M\fP, \fB-t\fP, and \fB-tm\fP options, which give information about resources used, are likely to produce different output with and without \fB-s\fP. Output may also differ if the \fB/C\fP option is present on an individual pattern. This uses callouts to trace the the matching process, and this may be different between studied and non-studied patterns. If the pattern contains (*MARK) items there may also be differences, for the same reason. The \fB-s\fP command line option can be overridden for specific patterns that should never be studied (see the \fB/S\fP pattern modifier below). .TP 10 \fB-t\fP Run each compile, study, and match many times with a timer, and output the resulting times per compile, study, or match (in milliseconds). Do not set \fB-m\fP with \fB-t\fP, because you will then get the size output a zillion times, and the timing will be distorted. You can control the number of iterations that are used for timing by following \fB-t\fP with a number (as a separate item on the command line). For example, "-t 1000" iterates 1000 times. The default is to iterate 500000 times. .TP 10 \fB-tm\fP This is like \fB-t\fP except that it times only the matching phase, not the compile or study phases. .TP 10 \fB-T\fP \fB-TM\fP These behave like \fB-t\fP and \fB-tm\fP, but in addition, at the end of a run, the total times for all compiles, studies, and matches are output. . . .SH DESCRIPTION .rs .sp If \fBpcretest\fP is given two filename arguments, it reads from the first and writes to the second. If it is given only one filename argument, it reads from that file and writes to stdout. Otherwise, it reads from stdin and writes to stdout, and prompts for each line of input, using "re>" to prompt for regular expressions, and "data>" to prompt for data lines. .P When \fBpcretest\fP is built, a configuration option can specify that it should be linked with the \fBlibreadline\fP library. When this is done, if the input is from a terminal, it is read using the \fBreadline()\fP function. This provides line-editing and history facilities. The output from the \fB-help\fP option states whether or not \fBreadline()\fP will be used. .P The program handles any number of sets of input on a single input file. Each set starts with a regular expression, and continues with any number of data lines to be matched against that pattern. .P Each data line is matched separately and independently. If you want to do multi-line matches, you have to use the \en escape sequence (or \er or \er\en, etc., depending on the newline setting) in a single line of input to encode the newline sequences. There is no limit on the length of data lines; the input buffer is automatically extended if it is too small. .P An empty line signals the end of the data lines, at which point a new regular expression is read. The regular expressions are given enclosed in any non-alphanumeric delimiters other than backslash, for example: .sp /(a|bc)x+yz/ .sp White space before the initial delimiter is ignored. A regular expression may be continued over several input lines, in which case the newline characters are included within it. It is possible to include the delimiter within the pattern by escaping it, for example .sp /abc\e/def/ .sp If you do so, the escape and the delimiter form part of the pattern, but since delimiters are always non-alphanumeric, this does not affect its interpretation. If the terminating delimiter is immediately followed by a backslash, for example, .sp /abc/\e .sp then a backslash is added to the end of the pattern. This is done to provide a way of testing the error condition that arises if a pattern finishes with a backslash, because .sp /abc\e/ .sp is interpreted as the first line of a pattern that starts with "abc/", causing pcretest to read the next line as a continuation of the regular expression. . . .SH "PATTERN MODIFIERS" .rs .sp A pattern may be followed by any number of modifiers, which are mostly single characters, though some of these can be qualified by further characters. Following Perl usage, these are referred to below as, for example, "the \fB/i\fP modifier", even though the delimiter of the pattern need not always be a slash, and no slash is used when writing modifiers. White space may appear between the final pattern delimiter and the first modifier, and between the modifiers themselves. For reference, here is a complete list of modifiers. They fall into several groups that are described in detail in the following sections. .sp \fB/8\fP set UTF mode \fB/9\fP set PCRE_NEVER_UTF (locks out UTF mode) \fB/?\fP disable UTF validity check \fB/+\fP show remainder of subject after match \fB/=\fP show all captures (not just those that are set) .sp \fB/A\fP set PCRE_ANCHORED \fB/B\fP show compiled code \fB/C\fP set PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT \fB/D\fP same as \fB/B\fP plus \fB/I\fP \fB/E\fP set PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY \fB/F\fP flip byte order in compiled pattern \fB/f\fP set PCRE_FIRSTLINE \fB/G\fP find all matches (shorten string) \fB/g\fP find all matches (use startoffset) \fB/I\fP show information about pattern \fB/i\fP set PCRE_CASELESS \fB/J\fP set PCRE_DUPNAMES \fB/K\fP show backtracking control names \fB/L\fP set locale \fB/M\fP show compiled memory size \fB/m\fP set PCRE_MULTILINE \fB/N\fP set PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE \fB/O\fP set PCRE_NO_AUTO_POSSESS \fB/P\fP use the POSIX wrapper \fB/Q\fP test external stack check function \fB/S\fP study the pattern after compilation \fB/s\fP set PCRE_DOTALL \fB/T\fP select character tables \fB/U\fP set PCRE_UNGREEDY \fB/W\fP set PCRE_UCP \fB/X\fP set PCRE_EXTRA \fB/x\fP set PCRE_EXTENDED \fB/Y\fP set PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE \fB/Z\fP don't show lengths in \fB/B\fP output .sp \fB/<any>\fP set PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY \fB/<anycrlf>\fP set PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF \fB/<cr>\fP set PCRE_NEWLINE_CR \fB/<crlf>\fP set PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF \fB/<lf>\fP set PCRE_NEWLINE_LF \fB/<bsr_anycrlf>\fP set PCRE_BSR_ANYCRLF \fB/<bsr_unicode>\fP set PCRE_BSR_UNICODE \fB/<JS>\fP set PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT .sp . . .SS "Perl-compatible modifiers" .rs .sp The \fB/i\fP, \fB/m\fP, \fB/s\fP, and \fB/x\fP modifiers set the PCRE_CASELESS, PCRE_MULTILINE, PCRE_DOTALL, or PCRE_EXTENDED options, respectively, when \fBpcre[16|32]_compile()\fP is called. These four modifier letters have the same effect as they do in Perl. For example: .sp /caseless/i .sp . . .SS "Modifiers for other PCRE options" .rs .sp The following table shows additional modifiers for setting PCRE compile-time options that do not correspond to anything in Perl: .sp \fB/8\fP PCRE_UTF8 ) when using the 8-bit \fB/?\fP PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK ) library .sp \fB/8\fP PCRE_UTF16 ) when using the 16-bit \fB/?\fP PCRE_NO_UTF16_CHECK ) library .sp \fB/8\fP PCRE_UTF32 ) when using the 32-bit \fB/?\fP PCRE_NO_UTF32_CHECK ) library .sp \fB/9\fP PCRE_NEVER_UTF \fB/A\fP PCRE_ANCHORED \fB/C\fP PCRE_AUTO_CALLOUT \fB/E\fP PCRE_DOLLAR_ENDONLY \fB/f\fP PCRE_FIRSTLINE \fB/J\fP PCRE_DUPNAMES \fB/N\fP PCRE_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE \fB/O\fP PCRE_NO_AUTO_POSSESS \fB/U\fP PCRE_UNGREEDY \fB/W\fP PCRE_UCP \fB/X\fP PCRE_EXTRA \fB/Y\fP PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE \fB/<any>\fP PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY \fB/<anycrlf>\fP PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF \fB/<cr>\fP PCRE_NEWLINE_CR \fB/<crlf>\fP PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF \fB/<lf>\fP PCRE_NEWLINE_LF \fB/<bsr_anycrlf>\fP PCRE_BSR_ANYCRLF \fB/<bsr_unicode>\fP PCRE_BSR_UNICODE \fB/<JS>\fP PCRE_JAVASCRIPT_COMPAT .sp The modifiers that are enclosed in angle brackets are literal strings as shown, including the angle brackets, but the letters within can be in either case. This example sets multiline matching with CRLF as the line ending sequence: .sp /^abc/m<CRLF> .sp As well as turning on the PCRE_UTF8/16/32 option, the \fB/8\fP modifier causes all non-printing characters in output strings to be printed using the \ex{hh...} notation. Otherwise, those less than 0x100 are output in hex without the curly brackets. .P Full details of the PCRE options are given in the .\" HREF \fBpcreapi\fP .\" documentation. . . .SS "Finding all matches in a string" .rs .sp Searching for all possible matches within each subject string can be requested by the \fB/g\fP or \fB/G\fP modifier. After finding a match, PCRE is called again to search the remainder of the subject string. The difference between \fB/g\fP and \fB/G\fP is that the former uses the \fIstartoffset\fP argument to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP to start searching at a new point within the entire string (which is in effect what Perl does), whereas the latter passes over a shortened substring. This makes a difference to the matching process if the pattern begins with a lookbehind assertion (including \eb or \eB). .P If any call to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP in a \fB/g\fP or \fB/G\fP sequence matches an empty string, the next call is done with the PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART and PCRE_ANCHORED flags set in order to search for another, non-empty, match at the same point. If this second match fails, the start offset is advanced, and the normal match is retried. This imitates the way Perl handles such cases when using the \fB/g\fP modifier or the \fBsplit()\fP function. Normally, the start offset is advanced by one character, but if the newline convention recognizes CRLF as a newline, and the current character is CR followed by LF, an advance of two is used. . . .SS "Other modifiers" .rs .sp There are yet more modifiers for controlling the way \fBpcretest\fP operates. .P The \fB/+\fP modifier requests that as well as outputting the substring that matched the entire pattern, \fBpcretest\fP should in addition output the remainder of the subject string. This is useful for tests where the subject contains multiple copies of the same substring. If the \fB+\fP modifier appears twice, the same action is taken for captured substrings. In each case the remainder is output on the following line with a plus character following the capture number. Note that this modifier must not immediately follow the /S modifier because /S+ and /S++ have other meanings. .P The \fB/=\fP modifier requests that the values of all potential captured parentheses be output after a match. By default, only those up to the highest one actually used in the match are output (corresponding to the return code from \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP). Values in the offsets vector corresponding to higher numbers should be set to -1, and these are output as "<unset>". This modifier gives a way of checking that this is happening. .P The \fB/B\fP modifier is a debugging feature. It requests that \fBpcretest\fP output a representation of the compiled code after compilation. Normally this information contains length and offset values; however, if \fB/Z\fP is also present, this data is replaced by spaces. This is a special feature for use in the automatic test scripts; it ensures that the same output is generated for different internal link sizes. .P The \fB/D\fP modifier is a PCRE debugging feature, and is equivalent to \fB/BI\fP, that is, both the \fB/B\fP and the \fB/I\fP modifiers. .P The \fB/F\fP modifier causes \fBpcretest\fP to flip the byte order of the 2-byte and 4-byte fields in the compiled pattern. This facility is for testing the feature in PCRE that allows it to execute patterns that were compiled on a host with a different endianness. This feature is not available when the POSIX interface to PCRE is being used, that is, when the \fB/P\fP pattern modifier is specified. See also the section about saving and reloading compiled patterns below. .P The \fB/I\fP modifier requests that \fBpcretest\fP output information about the compiled pattern (whether it is anchored, has a fixed first character, and so on). It does this by calling \fBpcre[16|32]_fullinfo()\fP after compiling a pattern. If the pattern is studied, the results of that are also output. In this output, the word "char" means a non-UTF character, that is, the value of a single data item (8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit, depending on the library that is being tested). .P The \fB/K\fP modifier requests \fBpcretest\fP to show names from backtracking control verbs that are returned from calls to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP. It causes \fBpcretest\fP to create a \fBpcre[16|32]_extra\fP block if one has not already been created by a call to \fBpcre[16|32]_study()\fP, and to set the PCRE_EXTRA_MARK flag and the \fBmark\fP field within it, every time that \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP is called. If the variable that the \fBmark\fP field points to is non-NULL for a match, non-match, or partial match, \fBpcretest\fP prints the string to which it points. For a match, this is shown on a line by itself, tagged with "MK:". For a non-match it is added to the message. .P The \fB/L\fP modifier must be followed directly by the name of a locale, for example, .sp /pattern/Lfr_FR .sp For this reason, it must be the last modifier. The given locale is set, \fBpcre[16|32]_maketables()\fP is called to build a set of character tables for the locale, and this is then passed to \fBpcre[16|32]_compile()\fP when compiling the regular expression. Without an \fB/L\fP (or \fB/T\fP) modifier, NULL is passed as the tables pointer; that is, \fB/L\fP applies only to the expression on which it appears. .P The \fB/M\fP modifier causes the size in bytes of the memory block used to hold the compiled pattern to be output. This does not include the size of the \fBpcre[16|32]\fP block; it is just the actual compiled data. If the pattern is successfully studied with the PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE option, the size of the JIT compiled code is also output. .P The \fB/Q\fP modifier is used to test the use of \fBpcre_stack_guard\fP. It must be followed by '0' or '1', specifying the return code to be given from an external function that is passed to PCRE and used for stack checking during compilation (see the .\" HREF \fBpcreapi\fP .\" documentation for details). .P The \fB/S\fP modifier causes \fBpcre[16|32]_study()\fP to be called after the expression has been compiled, and the results used when the expression is matched. There are a number of qualifying characters that may follow \fB/S\fP. They may appear in any order. .P If \fB/S\fP is followed by an exclamation mark, \fBpcre[16|32]_study()\fP is called with the PCRE_STUDY_EXTRA_NEEDED option, causing it always to return a \fBpcre_extra\fP block, even when studying discovers no useful information. .P If \fB/S\fP is followed by a second S character, it suppresses studying, even if it was requested externally by the \fB-s\fP command line option. This makes it possible to specify that certain patterns are always studied, and others are never studied, independently of \fB-s\fP. This feature is used in the test files in a few cases where the output is different when the pattern is studied. .P If the \fB/S\fP modifier is followed by a + character, the call to \fBpcre[16|32]_study()\fP is made with all the JIT study options, requesting just-in-time optimization support if it is available, for both normal and partial matching. If you want to restrict the JIT compiling modes, you can follow \fB/S+\fP with a digit in the range 1 to 7: .sp 1 normal match only 2 soft partial match only 3 normal match and soft partial match 4 hard partial match only 6 soft and hard partial match 7 all three modes (default) .sp If \fB/S++\fP is used instead of \fB/S+\fP (with or without a following digit), the text "(JIT)" is added to the first output line after a match or no match when JIT-compiled code was actually used. .P Note that there is also an independent \fB/+\fP modifier; it must not be given immediately after \fB/S\fP or \fB/S+\fP because this will be misinterpreted. .P If JIT studying is successful, the compiled JIT code will automatically be used when \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP is run, except when incompatible run-time options are specified. For more details, see the .\" HREF \fBpcrejit\fP .\" documentation. See also the \fB\eJ\fP escape sequence below for a way of setting the size of the JIT stack. .P Finally, if \fB/S\fP is followed by a minus character, JIT compilation is suppressed, even if it was requested externally by the \fB-s\fP command line option. This makes it possible to specify that JIT is never to be used for certain patterns. .P The \fB/T\fP modifier must be followed by a single digit. It causes a specific set of built-in character tables to be passed to \fBpcre[16|32]_compile()\fP. It is used in the standard PCRE tests to check behaviour with different character tables. The digit specifies the tables as follows: .sp 0 the default ASCII tables, as distributed in pcre_chartables.c.dist 1 a set of tables defining ISO 8859 characters .sp In table 1, some characters whose codes are greater than 128 are identified as letters, digits, spaces, etc. . . .SS "Using the POSIX wrapper API" .rs .sp The \fB/P\fP modifier causes \fBpcretest\fP to call PCRE via the POSIX wrapper API rather than its native API. This supports only the 8-bit library. When \fB/P\fP is set, the following modifiers set options for the \fBregcomp()\fP function: .sp /i REG_ICASE /m REG_NEWLINE /N REG_NOSUB /s REG_DOTALL ) /U REG_UNGREEDY ) These options are not part of /W REG_UCP ) the POSIX standard /8 REG_UTF8 ) .sp The \fB/+\fP modifier works as described above. All other modifiers are ignored. . . .SS "Locking out certain modifiers" .rs .sp PCRE can be compiled with or without support for certain features such as UTF-8/16/32 or Unicode properties. Accordingly, the standard tests are split up into a number of different files that are selected for running depending on which features are available. When updating the tests, it is all too easy to put a new test into the wrong file by mistake; for example, to put a test that requires UTF support into a file that is used when it is not available. To help detect such mistakes as early as possible, there is a facility for locking out specific modifiers. If an input line for \fBpcretest\fP starts with the string "< forbid " the following sequence of characters is taken as a list of forbidden modifiers. For example, in the test files that must not use UTF or Unicode property support, this line appears: .sp < forbid 8W .sp This locks out the /8 and /W modifiers. An immediate error is given if they are subsequently encountered. If the character string contains < but not >, all the multi-character modifiers that begin with < are locked out. Otherwise, such modifiers must be explicitly listed, for example: .sp < forbid <JS><cr> .sp There must be a single space between < and "forbid" for this feature to be recognised. If there is not, the line is interpreted either as a request to re-load a pre-compiled pattern (see "SAVING AND RELOADING COMPILED PATTERNS" below) or, if there is a another < character, as a pattern that uses < as its delimiter. . . .SH "DATA LINES" .rs .sp Before each data line is passed to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP, leading and trailing white space is removed, and it is then scanned for \e escapes. Some of these are pretty esoteric features, intended for checking out some of the more complicated features of PCRE. If you are just testing "ordinary" regular expressions, you probably don't need any of these. The following escapes are recognized: .sp \ea alarm (BEL, \ex07) \eb backspace (\ex08) \ee escape (\ex27) \ef form feed (\ex0c) \en newline (\ex0a) .\" JOIN \eqdd set the PCRE_MATCH_LIMIT limit to dd (any number of digits) \er carriage return (\ex0d) \et tab (\ex09) \ev vertical tab (\ex0b) \ennn octal character (up to 3 octal digits); always a byte unless > 255 in UTF-8 or 16-bit or 32-bit mode \eo{dd...} octal character (any number of octal digits} \exhh hexadecimal byte (up to 2 hex digits) \ex{hh...} hexadecimal character (any number of hex digits) .\" JOIN \eA pass the PCRE_ANCHORED option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \eB pass the PCRE_NOTBOL option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \eCdd call pcre[16|32]_copy_substring() for substring dd after a successful match (number less than 32) .\" JOIN \eCname call pcre[16|32]_copy_named_substring() for substring "name" after a successful match (name terminated by next non alphanumeric character) .\" JOIN \eC+ show the current captured substrings at callout time \eC- do not supply a callout function .\" JOIN \eC!n return 1 instead of 0 when callout number n is reached .\" JOIN \eC!n!m return 1 instead of 0 when callout number n is reached for the nth time .\" JOIN \eC*n pass the number n (may be negative) as callout data; this is used as the callout return value \eD use the \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP match function \eF only shortest match for \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \eGdd call pcre[16|32]_get_substring() for substring dd after a successful match (number less than 32) .\" JOIN \eGname call pcre[16|32]_get_named_substring() for substring "name" after a successful match (name terminated by next non-alphanumeric character) .\" JOIN \eJdd set up a JIT stack of dd kilobytes maximum (any number of digits) .\" JOIN \eL call pcre[16|32]_get_substringlist() after a successful match .\" JOIN \eM discover the minimum MATCH_LIMIT and MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION settings .\" JOIN \eN pass the PCRE_NOTEMPTY option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP; if used twice, pass the PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART option .\" JOIN \eOdd set the size of the output vector passed to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP to dd (any number of digits) .\" JOIN \eP pass the PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP; if used twice, pass the PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD option .\" JOIN \eQdd set the PCRE_MATCH_LIMIT_RECURSION limit to dd (any number of digits) \eR pass the PCRE_DFA_RESTART option to \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP \eS output details of memory get/free calls during matching .\" JOIN \eY pass the PCRE_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \eZ pass the PCRE_NOTEOL option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \e? pass the PCRE_NO_UTF[8|16|32]_CHECK option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \e>dd start the match at offset dd (optional "-"; then any number of digits); this sets the \fIstartoffset\fP argument for \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \e<cr> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_CR option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \e<lf> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_LF option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \e<crlf> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_CRLF option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \e<anycrlf> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .\" JOIN \e<any> pass the PCRE_NEWLINE_ANY option to \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP or \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP .sp The use of \ex{hh...} is not dependent on the use of the \fB/8\fP modifier on the pattern. It is recognized always. There may be any number of hexadecimal digits inside the braces; invalid values provoke error messages. .P Note that \exhh specifies one byte rather than one character in UTF-8 mode; this makes it possible to construct invalid UTF-8 sequences for testing purposes. On the other hand, \ex{hh} is interpreted as a UTF-8 character in UTF-8 mode, generating more than one byte if the value is greater than 127. When testing the 8-bit library not in UTF-8 mode, \ex{hh} generates one byte for values less than 256, and causes an error for greater values. .P In UTF-16 mode, all 4-digit \ex{hhhh} values are accepted. This makes it possible to construct invalid UTF-16 sequences for testing purposes. .P In UTF-32 mode, all 4- to 8-digit \ex{...} values are accepted. This makes it possible to construct invalid UTF-32 sequences for testing purposes. .P The escapes that specify line ending sequences are literal strings, exactly as shown. No more than one newline setting should be present in any data line. .P A backslash followed by anything else just escapes the anything else. If the very last character is a backslash, it is ignored. This gives a way of passing an empty line as data, since a real empty line terminates the data input. .P The \fB\eJ\fP escape provides a way of setting the maximum stack size that is used by the just-in-time optimization code. It is ignored if JIT optimization is not being used. Providing a stack that is larger than the default 32K is necessary only for very complicated patterns. .P If \eM is present, \fBpcretest\fP calls \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP several times, with different values in the \fImatch_limit\fP and \fImatch_limit_recursion\fP fields of the \fBpcre[16|32]_extra\fP data structure, until it finds the minimum numbers for each parameter that allow \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP to complete without error. Because this is testing a specific feature of the normal interpretive \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP execution, the use of any JIT optimization that might have been set up by the \fB/S+\fP qualifier of \fB-s+\fP option is disabled. .P The \fImatch_limit\fP number is a measure of the amount of backtracking that takes place, and checking it out can be instructive. For most simple matches, the number is quite small, but for patterns with very large numbers of matching possibilities, it can become large very quickly with increasing length of subject string. The \fImatch_limit_recursion\fP number is a measure of how much stack (or, if PCRE is compiled with NO_RECURSE, how much heap) memory is needed to complete the match attempt. .P When \eO is used, the value specified may be higher or lower than the size set by the \fB-O\fP command line option (or defaulted to 45); \eO applies only to the call of \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP for the line in which it appears. .P If the \fB/P\fP modifier was present on the pattern, causing the POSIX wrapper API to be used, the only option-setting sequences that have any effect are \eB, \eN, and \eZ, causing REG_NOTBOL, REG_NOTEMPTY, and REG_NOTEOL, respectively, to be passed to \fBregexec()\fP. . . .SH "THE ALTERNATIVE MATCHING FUNCTION" .rs .sp By default, \fBpcretest\fP uses the standard PCRE matching function, \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP to match each data line. PCRE also supports an alternative matching function, \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_test()\fP, which operates in a different way, and has some restrictions. The differences between the two functions are described in the .\" HREF \fBpcrematching\fP .\" documentation. .P If a data line contains the \eD escape sequence, or if the command line contains the \fB-dfa\fP option, the alternative matching function is used. This function finds all possible matches at a given point. If, however, the \eF escape sequence is present in the data line, it stops after the first match is found. This is always the shortest possible match. . . .SH "DEFAULT OUTPUT FROM PCRETEST" .rs .sp This section describes the output when the normal matching function, \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP, is being used. .P When a match succeeds, \fBpcretest\fP outputs the list of captured substrings that \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP returns, starting with number 0 for the string that matched the whole pattern. Otherwise, it outputs "No match" when the return is PCRE_ERROR_NOMATCH, and "Partial match:" followed by the partially matching substring when \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP returns PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL. (Note that this is the entire substring that was inspected during the partial match; it may include characters before the actual match start if a lookbehind assertion, \eK, \eb, or \eB was involved.) For any other return, \fBpcretest\fP outputs the PCRE negative error number and a short descriptive phrase. If the error is a failed UTF string check, the offset of the start of the failing character and the reason code are also output, provided that the size of the output vector is at least two. Here is an example of an interactive \fBpcretest\fP run. .sp $ pcretest PCRE version 8.13 2011-04-30 .sp re> /^abc(\ed+)/ data> abc123 0: abc123 1: 123 data> xyz No match .sp Unset capturing substrings that are not followed by one that is set are not returned by \fBpcre[16|32]_exec()\fP, and are not shown by \fBpcretest\fP. In the following example, there are two capturing substrings, but when the first data line is matched, the second, unset substring is not shown. An "internal" unset substring is shown as "<unset>", as for the second data line. .sp re> /(a)|(b)/ data> a 0: a 1: a data> b 0: b 1: <unset> 2: b .sp If the strings contain any non-printing characters, they are output as \exhh escapes if the value is less than 256 and UTF mode is not set. Otherwise they are output as \ex{hh...} escapes. See below for the definition of non-printing characters. If the pattern has the \fB/+\fP modifier, the output for substring 0 is followed by the the rest of the subject string, identified by "0+" like this: .sp re> /cat/+ data> cataract 0: cat 0+ aract .sp If the pattern has the \fB/g\fP or \fB/G\fP modifier, the results of successive matching attempts are output in sequence, like this: .sp re> /\eBi(\ew\ew)/g data> Mississippi 0: iss 1: ss 0: iss 1: ss 0: ipp 1: pp .sp "No match" is output only if the first match attempt fails. Here is an example of a failure message (the offset 4 that is specified by \e>4 is past the end of the subject string): .sp re> /xyz/ data> xyz\e>4 Error -24 (bad offset value) .P If any of the sequences \fB\eC\fP, \fB\eG\fP, or \fB\eL\fP are present in a data line that is successfully matched, the substrings extracted by the convenience functions are output with C, G, or L after the string number instead of a colon. This is in addition to the normal full list. The string length (that is, the return from the extraction function) is given in parentheses after each string for \fB\eC\fP and \fB\eG\fP. .P Note that whereas patterns can be continued over several lines (a plain ">" prompt is used for continuations), data lines may not. However newlines can be included in data by means of the \en escape (or \er, \er\en, etc., depending on the newline sequence setting). . . . .SH "OUTPUT FROM THE ALTERNATIVE MATCHING FUNCTION" .rs .sp When the alternative matching function, \fBpcre[16|32]_dfa_exec()\fP, is used (by means of the \eD escape sequence or the \fB-dfa\fP command line option), the output consists of a list of all the matches that start at the first point in the subject where there is at least one match. For example: .sp re> /(tang|tangerine|tan)/ data> yellow tangerine\eD 0: tangerine 1: tang 2: tan .sp (Using the normal matching function on this data finds only "tang".) The longest matching string is always given first (and numbered zero). After a PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL return, the output is "Partial match:", followed by the partially matching substring. (Note that this is the entire substring that was inspected during the partial match; it may include characters before the actual match start if a lookbehind assertion, \eK, \eb, or \eB was involved.) .P If \fB/g\fP is present on the pattern, the search for further matches resumes at the end of the longest match. For example: .sp re> /(tang|tangerine|tan)/g data> yellow tangerine and tangy sultana\eD 0: tangerine 1: tang 2: tan 0: tang 1: tan 0: tan .sp Since the matching function does not support substring capture, the escape sequences that are concerned with captured substrings are not relevant. . . .SH "RESTARTING AFTER A PARTIAL MATCH" .rs .sp When the alternative matching function has given the PCRE_ERROR_PARTIAL return, indicating that the subject partially matched the pattern, you can restart the match with additional subject data by means of the \eR escape sequence. For example: .sp re> /^\ed?\ed(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\ed\ed$/ data> 23ja\eP\eD Partial match: 23ja data> n05\eR\eD 0: n05 .sp For further information about partial matching, see the .\" HREF \fBpcrepartial\fP .\" documentation. . . .SH CALLOUTS .rs .sp If the pattern contains any callout requests, \fBpcretest\fP's callout function is called during matching. This works with both matching functions. By default, the called function displays the callout number, the start and current positions in the text at the callout time, and the next pattern item to be tested. For example: .sp --->pqrabcdef 0 ^ ^ \ed .sp This output indicates that callout number 0 occurred for a match attempt starting at the fourth character of the subject string, when the pointer was at the seventh character of the data, and when the next pattern item was \ed. Just one circumflex is output if the start and current positions are the same. .P Callouts numbered 255 are assumed to be automatic callouts, inserted as a result of the \fB/C\fP pattern modifier. In this case, instead of showing the callout number, the offset in the pattern, preceded by a plus, is output. For example: .sp re> /\ed?[A-E]\e*/C data> E* --->E* +0 ^ \ed? +3 ^ [A-E] +8 ^^ \e* +10 ^ ^ 0: E* .sp If a pattern contains (*MARK) items, an additional line is output whenever a change of latest mark is passed to the callout function. For example: .sp re> /a(*MARK:X)bc/C data> abc --->abc +0 ^ a +1 ^^ (*MARK:X) +10 ^^ b Latest Mark: X +11 ^ ^ c +12 ^ ^ 0: abc .sp The mark changes between matching "a" and "b", but stays the same for the rest of the match, so nothing more is output. If, as a result of backtracking, the mark reverts to being unset, the text "<unset>" is output. .P The callout function in \fBpcretest\fP returns zero (carry on matching) by default, but you can use a \eC item in a data line (as described above) to change this and other parameters of the callout. .P Inserting callouts can be helpful when using \fBpcretest\fP to check complicated regular expressions. For further information about callouts, see the .\" HREF \fBpcrecallout\fP .\" documentation. . . . .SH "NON-PRINTING CHARACTERS" .rs .sp When \fBpcretest\fP is outputting text in the compiled version of a pattern, bytes other than 32-126 are always treated as non-printing characters are are therefore shown as hex escapes. .P When \fBpcretest\fP is outputting text that is a matched part of a subject string, it behaves in the same way, unless a different locale has been set for the pattern (using the \fB/L\fP modifier). In this case, the \fBisprint()\fP function to distinguish printing and non-printing characters. . . . .SH "SAVING AND RELOADING COMPILED PATTERNS" .rs .sp The facilities described in this section are not available when the POSIX interface to PCRE is being used, that is, when the \fB/P\fP pattern modifier is specified. .P When the POSIX interface is not in use, you can cause \fBpcretest\fP to write a compiled pattern to a file, by following the modifiers with > and a file name. For example: .sp /pattern/im >/some/file .sp See the .\" HREF \fBpcreprecompile\fP .\" documentation for a discussion about saving and re-using compiled patterns. Note that if the pattern was successfully studied with JIT optimization, the JIT data cannot be saved. .P The data that is written is binary. The first eight bytes are the length of the compiled pattern data followed by the length of the optional study data, each written as four bytes in big-endian order (most significant byte first). If there is no study data (either the pattern was not studied, or studying did not return any data), the second length is zero. The lengths are followed by an exact copy of the compiled pattern. If there is additional study data, this (excluding any JIT data) follows immediately after the compiled pattern. After writing the file, \fBpcretest\fP expects to read a new pattern. .P A saved pattern can be reloaded into \fBpcretest\fP by specifying < and a file name instead of a pattern. There must be no space between < and the file name, which must not contain a < character, as otherwise \fBpcretest\fP will interpret the line as a pattern delimited by < characters. For example: .sp re> </some/file Compiled pattern loaded from /some/file No study data .sp If the pattern was previously studied with the JIT optimization, the JIT information cannot be saved and restored, and so is lost. When the pattern has been loaded, \fBpcretest\fP proceeds to read data lines in the usual way. .P You can copy a file written by \fBpcretest\fP to a different host and reload it there, even if the new host has opposite endianness to the one on which the pattern was compiled. For example, you can compile on an i86 machine and run on a SPARC machine. When a pattern is reloaded on a host with different endianness, the confirmation message is changed to: .sp Compiled pattern (byte-inverted) loaded from /some/file .sp The test suite contains some saved pre-compiled patterns with different endianness. These are reloaded using "<!" instead of just "<". This suppresses the "(byte-inverted)" text so that the output is the same on all hosts. It also forces debugging output once the pattern has been reloaded. .P File names for saving and reloading can be absolute or relative, but note that the shell facility of expanding a file name that starts with a tilde (~) is not available. .P The ability to save and reload files in \fBpcretest\fP is intended for testing and experimentation. It is not intended for production use because only a single pattern can be written to a file. Furthermore, there is no facility for supplying custom character tables for use with a reloaded pattern. If the original pattern was compiled with custom tables, an attempt to match a subject string using a reloaded pattern is likely to cause \fBpcretest\fP to crash. Finally, if you attempt to load a file that is not in the correct format, the result is undefined. . . .SH "SEE ALSO" .rs .sp \fBpcre\fP(3), \fBpcre16\fP(3), \fBpcre32\fP(3), \fBpcreapi\fP(3), \fBpcrecallout\fP(3), \fBpcrejit\fP, \fBpcrematching\fP(3), \fBpcrepartial\fP(d), \fBpcrepattern\fP(3), \fBpcreprecompile\fP(3). . . .SH AUTHOR .rs .sp .nf Philip Hazel University Computing Service Cambridge CB2 3QH, England. .fi . . .SH REVISION .rs .sp .nf Last updated: 23 February 2017 Copyright (c) 1997-2017 University of Cambridge. .fi man1/pcre-config.1 0000644 00000005253 15153570471 0007673 0 ustar 00 .TH PCRE-CONFIG 1 "01 January 2012" "PCRE 8.30" .SH NAME pcre-config - program to return PCRE configuration .SH SYNOPSIS .rs .sp .nf .B pcre-config [--prefix] [--exec-prefix] [--version] [--libs] .B " [--libs16] [--libs32] [--libs-cpp] [--libs-posix]" .B " [--cflags] [--cflags-posix]" .fi . . .SH DESCRIPTION .rs .sp \fBpcre-config\fP returns the configuration of the installed PCRE libraries and the options required to compile a program to use them. Some of the options apply only to the 8-bit, or 16-bit, or 32-bit libraries, respectively, and are not available if only one of those libraries has been built. If an unavailable option is encountered, the "usage" information is output. . . .SH OPTIONS .rs .TP 10 \fB--prefix\fP Writes the directory prefix used in the PCRE installation for architecture independent files (\fI/usr\fP on many systems, \fI/usr/local\fP on some systems) to the standard output. .TP 10 \fB--exec-prefix\fP Writes the directory prefix used in the PCRE installation for architecture dependent files (normally the same as \fB--prefix\fP) to the standard output. .TP 10 \fB--version\fP Writes the version number of the installed PCRE libraries to the standard output. .TP 10 \fB--libs\fP Writes to the standard output the command line options required to link with the 8-bit PCRE library (\fB-lpcre\fP on many systems). .TP 10 \fB--libs16\fP Writes to the standard output the command line options required to link with the 16-bit PCRE library (\fB-lpcre16\fP on many systems). .TP 10 \fB--libs32\fP Writes to the standard output the command line options required to link with the 32-bit PCRE library (\fB-lpcre32\fP on many systems). .TP 10 \fB--libs-cpp\fP Writes to the standard output the command line options required to link with PCRE's C++ wrapper library (\fB-lpcrecpp\fP \fB-lpcre\fP on many systems). .TP 10 \fB--libs-posix\fP Writes to the standard output the command line options required to link with PCRE's POSIX API wrapper library (\fB-lpcreposix\fP \fB-lpcre\fP on many systems). .TP 10 \fB--cflags\fP Writes to the standard output the command line options required to compile files that use PCRE (this may include some \fB-I\fP options, but is blank on many systems). .TP 10 \fB--cflags-posix\fP Writes to the standard output the command line options required to compile files that use PCRE's POSIX API wrapper library (this may include some \fB-I\fP options, but is blank on many systems). . . .SH "SEE ALSO" .rs .sp \fBpcre(3)\fP . . .SH AUTHOR .rs .sp This manual page was originally written by Mark Baker for the Debian GNU/Linux system. It has been subsequently revised as a generic PCRE man page. . . .SH REVISION .rs .sp .nf Last updated: 24 June 2012 .fi